Portable Toilet



Background

The portable toilet is a lightweight, transportable, efficient and more sanitary variation of a common facility for the elimination of human waste that existed before the advent of indoor plumbing—the outhouse. Before indoor plumbing allowed for the development of a system for transporting human waste from a receptacle to a sewer system through a series of pipes and other plumbing apparatus, humans often attended to their need to eliminate waste in an isolated stall located outside of living and working quarters, if they elected to use any type of structure at all. Typically, this stall contained a bench with a large hole cut into it. The waste was deposited through the hole directly to the ground below. A more refined version of the outhouse was the water closet, an indoor facility with a water tank and flushing system that deposited the waste in a cesspit below.

The advent of indoor plumbing led to the development of the first modern toilet in 1843, although toilets hooked up to sewage systems did not come into general use until the Victorian era when modern sewage systems began to be constructed. Still, this innovation was not useful for those who worked or otherwise congregated in outdoor areas with no access to such a facility. Some such venues, such as many roadway rest areas, camping facilities, and children's summer camps, still utilize rustic outhouses. Since at least the 1960s, many other venues, especially those where populations congregate only for temporary periods, have featured lightweight, sanitary portable toilet facilities—easily transportable, private, individual plastic stalls containing toilets, each with its own independent sanitary system consisting of rudimentary plumbing, a holding tank, and sanitizing chemicals.

Portable toilets are most commonly used at construction sites, outdoor parking lots, and other work environments where indoor plumbing is inaccessible, and at large outdoor gatherings such as concerts, fairs, and recreational events.

History

The earliest known toilet facilities date back to the third millennium B.C. Rudimentary lavatory facilities have been discovered in the form of recesses in stone walls of houses in Scotland dating back to around 2,800 B.C. Around the same time, it appears that Western-style lavatory facilities were being constructed from bricks with wooden seats in Pakistan. Sewage fell through a chute to a drain or cesspit. In Egypt, toilets have been found in the bathrooms of tombs, presumably for use in the afterlife. The first portable toilet dates back to the mid-fourteenth century B.C. In Egypt, a wooden stool with a large slot in the middle for use with a pottery vessel beneath it was discovered in the tomb of Kha, the senior official of the Thebes workmen's community.

Until the eighteenth century, the portable chamber pot, a slightly more modern variation of this first portable toilet, was the most commonly used lavatory facility. The notion of a flushable toilet was developed by the Elizabethan poet Sir John Harington, who designed an indoor water closet containing a toilet facility that could dilute sewage with water contained in a cistern. This invention was significantly

The main component of the portable toilet is lightweight sheet plastic, such as polyethylene, which forms the actual toilet unit as well as the cabana in which it is contained. A pump and holding tank form the portable sewage system. The facility is also equipped with a chemical supply container and inlet tube.
The main component of the portable toilet is lightweight sheet plastic, such as polyethylene, which forms the actual toilet unit as well as the cabana in which it is contained. A pump and holding tank form the portable sewage system. The facility is also equipped with a chemical supply container and inlet tube.
enhanced by Thomas Crapper, who in 1886 created the first flushable toilet featuring a water tank placed high above the toilet bowl to actually flush out the contents of the bowl, rather than merely dilute them. As public sewage systems became more developed, Crapper's invention became common.

In the twentieth century, inventors have combined the portability of the more ancient lavatories with the sanitary benefits of the modern toilet to create a contained system that is also compact, lightweight, and transportable. The portable toilet, commonly called the Porta-John after one prominent manufacturer of this product, is now a common feature at work sites and events that do not have access to sewer systems.

Raw Materials

Portable toilet assembly is relatively simple and few materials are needed. The main component of the facility is light-weight sheet plastic, such as polyethylene, which forms the actual toilet unit as well as the cabana in which it is contained. A pump and holding tank form the portable sewage system. These items are fastened with an assortment of screws, nails, rivets, bolts, and hinges. The facility is also equipped with a chemical supply container and inlet tube.

The Manufacturing
Process

The toilet unit

The cabana

Additional features

Byproducts/Waste

The contents of portable toilet holding tanks must be disposed of in accordance with state and federal environmental regulations. Typically, the chemicals used to sanitize the portable toilet facility are biodegradable and, thus, are not subject to any special disposal requirements. The waste in the holding tanks must be disposed of like any other form of sewage which is subject to local, state, and federal regulation. For example, in Michigan, portable toilet waste may be discharged to a publicly-owned treatment works (POTW) facility through the local sewage system or land-applied on farming property. Both of these activities require permits. The waste may also be transported to the POTW, which does not require a permit but does require approval of the POTW.

The Future

Portable toilets will most likely be necessary as long as humans continue to congregate in outdoor areas and other sites without indoor plumbing. While this product is fairly simple, it is subject to innovations, especially with regard to design. For instance, at least one company manufactures a portable toilet facility constructed with removable joints, which allows for easy disassembly of the unit and enhances its transportability. Alternatives to chemical sanitizing solutions are also in the works. At least one company already manufacturers an organic solution that deodorizes and sanitizes in the same way as the commonly used chemical solutions.

Where to Learn More

Other

Organica, Inc. http://www.organicain.com July 14, 1997).

Sanipages. 1997. http://sanipages.com (July 14, 1997).

Kristin Palm

Also read article about Portable Toilet from Wikipedia

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